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The prediction error is the difference between the achieved and the intended refraction.
Positive values mean a hyperopic result (undercorrected myopia / IOL power effectively too low). Negative values mean a myopic result (IOL power effectively too high).
This shows how far the result landed from target regardless of direction, and is the basis for the ±0.25/±0.50/±0.75/±1.00 D percentages.
Different clinics may achieve different refractive outcomes with the same IOL and formula because of differences in biometry devices, surgical technique, incision profile, IOL handling, capsulorhexis size, patient population, ocular anatomy, and postoperative refraction protocols. A constant optimised elsewhere does not necessarily transfer to your setting.
Small sample sizes may create false signals. A subgroup correction should not be used clinically until there is enough data and prospective validation. This tool deliberately flags low sample sizes and frames corrections as suggestions to validate, not instructions to apply.
The tool should not apply a correction based on ethnicity alone. Instead, it analyses measurable biometric variables such as axial length, keratometry, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, corneal shape, cataract density, and device-specific measurement behaviour. If a local population has a different biometric distribution, this will become visible through these parameters — which is the appropriate, physiology-based way to detect and address any systematic offset.
Mean is the arithmetic average; median is the middle value of the sorted set; standard deviation is the sample standard deviation (n−1). Percentage within a threshold is the share of eyes whose absolute error is ≤ the threshold. A high standard deviation points to measurement variability rather than a simple systematic offset that a constant change could fix.